Operation management - Operational Analysis Essay

Operation management - Operational Analysis - Essay Example Like any other Wal-mart store, ASDA is well known for its bargaining pricing of its products and services that it sells. It is also known for giving access and selling a wide range of products and services to its customers ranging from accessories and clothing to gardening and household equipment. Services include photography and pharmacy services. The motto of ASDA Wal-mat store Inc has been to help consumers save money and also help consumers lead a cheaper, but higher and better living standard (ASDA, 2010). The main objective of this company is to maintain excellent customer service by providing quality products at affordable prices. Another objective is to improve the sales of the store and implement productivity initiatives. The company has enjoyed a number of successes, including the ability to buy in bulk, sell products and services in huge volumes, and be able to survive on reduced on low profit margins. This has in turn helped the organization to pass on the cost benefit to the consumers and at the same time be able to give consumers more value for money which has been a crucial part of the success of the company in a highly competitive market. The paper will take an analysis of ASDA Wal-mart stores mainly concentrating on its current operations management activities. Introduction In any organization or company, operational management deals with the design and management of processes, products, services, and supply chains (BARNES, 2008). This mainly looks at the development, acquisition, and utilization of resources that are required by the organization in order to deliver goods and services to its consumers. Operational management ranges from the strategic level to the tactical level and finally, to the operational level. In other words, operational management is a function that aims at making sure that there is a smooth flow of processes to convert input into outputs in a cost effective and efficient way. There is normally demand for companies to su stain themselves and survive in a competitive market. However, there are two ways which company can adopt to which are cutting their costs or increasing their revenue. In both cases, the OM capacity of an organization is challenged. In this competitive market where competition increases all the time, a company like ASDA to implement effective operational management tools and systems in order to ensure that the production of goods and services is maintained smoothly and that the demands of customers are fulfilled quickly. OM attempts to create the desired balance between costs and revenue to get the maximum profit and at the same time maintain the quality of goods and services. Normally, big companies like ASDA have huge responsibilities to be able to keep up with the operational management activities involving capacity planning, manpower planning, acquisition, and control, scheduling, managing quality, material control, cost control, training and development for employees, and facil ity location and layout planning (LOADER, 2007). Information and Analysis Current Operations Below is an overview

Marketing Orientation Essay Example for Free

Marketing Orientation Essay There have been many studies of the term ‘marketing orientation’, and its presence within organisations. Marketing orientation is an approach that companies take which centres its activities towards achieving customer satisfaction through effective marketing. It is where customers form the basis of an organisations performance and overall success. In order to achieve successful marketing orientation, a company must organise an effective structure through planning its activities, products and services successfully. This will help the company on focusing its aims and objectives on the needs and requirements of its customers, in order to establish a relationship that will increase performance and success. ‘Market orientation is the organisation wide development of market intelligence pertaining to customer needs. ’ (Kohli and Jaworski, 1990. p12) Two approaches to marketing Orientation have been suggested by Avlonitis and Gounaris (1999), focusing on the practices and culture that the company adopts. It has been interpreted by Avlonitis and Gounaris (1999) that marketing orientation is either ‘a company attitude or company behaviour. This is whether a company is customer orientated or focuses on a competitive advantage through marketing orientation. Other authors have similiar thoughts upon these approaches to marketing orientation. Drucker (1954) believes that customers perceive marketing as an ‘activity involving the entire organisation’, rather than being a specific company process. The author’s view coincides with the work of Avlonitis and Gounaris (1999), as he focuses on the attitude organisations have in satisfying customer needs. The oth er side to this approach is the significance of a company’s culture towards marketing orientated activities. Felton (1959) states; ‘It is the attitudes and beliefs of a workforce that control the level of orientated activities a company strives to achieve,’ implying the focus is on themselves competing rather than putting the customer first. Trout and Ries (1985) perceive marketing orientation as an effort by companies to increase competitor advantage, rather than satisfy customer needs. Therefore the company’s culture is focusing its strategy on competitor orientation in order to achieve success. An organisations performance is a very important aspect of successful marketing orientation. Narver and Slater (1990) state that marketing orientation is based on 3 performance measures, which include ‘customer and competitor orientation, and inter-functional coordination. ’ Introducing effective performance measures can have positive influences on companies, as it helps the company’s culture set aims and objectives for a successful approach to marketing orientation. Jobber (2007) also describes the importance of these measures, stating; ‘A marketing concept culture that manifests in corporate activities to create superior value for customers. However, specific marketing activities relating to the behaviour of a company have ‘emphasis on managerial control rather than the natural culture of the organisation’ (Ellis, 2004), which relates to the work of Trout and Ries (1985) and their beliefs of company’s influencing the importance of competitor orientation over the satisfaction of their customers. Sharp (1991) argues the approach to marketing orientation as described by Drucker (1954), saying that it’s more than just about customer focus; Market orientation has a principle element of focusing on available markets and customer needs. Sharp criticises this view of orientation, as costs of maintaining customer focus will incur in unstable markets, affecting a companies orientation plan. In order to balance this procedure, a company needs equal focus in its approach to marketing orientation, which will help achieve success and efficiency. The link between organisational strategic thinking (Sharp, 1991) and managerial control (Ellis, 2004) helps towards a successful company through competitor orientation. Ellis states that effective performances increase through analysing competitor actions, in order to create a competitor advantage. However, company’s still need to be responsive to customer needs due to volatile markets. Overall increases of a company’s orientation, resulting from effective customer satisfaction, will then lead to greater performances (Kohli and Jaworski, 1990). The relationship between performance and marketing orientation is analysed negatively to strategic marketing. Sin (2005) considers the ‘external environmental aspects’ of marketing orientation, emphasising the importance of linking performance and marketing orientation in order to meet the needs of customers. Sin believes that if companies developed their approaches towards linking these two factors, a more in depth examination of customers needs could be undertaken, which would lead to higher performances within the company. Sin agrees with Sharp’s views, by describing the inclusion of customer needs as well as company aims and objectives. A strategic way of thinking is described by Sharp, where marketing orientation is described as being the most relevant, as it focuses on company, and not just market characteristics. The analyses of various journal articles relating to marketing orientation has led me to understand the different issues relating to marketing orientation. I agree with Kohli and Jaworski (1990) that a company should balance its orientation between customer focus and its aims and objectives, for effective performances. The authors were very clear and focused on what strategies were effective in approaching marketing orientation. I felt that this analysis helped me understand the best method of adopting marketing orientation and how to effectively respond to customer demands, as well as creating a competitive advantage. Limitations to the analysis were discussions from Felton (1959) and Trout and Ries (1995). The views of these authors concentrated on companies who adopted marketing orientation to create a competitive advantage as its main priority. The context of this article focused totally on businesses success and shadowed the importance of customer orientation, something which I feel is crucial for overall success.

Learning Disability Nurse Reflection

Learning Disability Nurse Reflection Summary reflection –Modules 5 9 Working as a learning disability nurse, poses a career fraught with many interesting and often frustrating challenges. However, this is a population that cannot be ignored or slighted medically just because they present with special needs (DOH 2001). Emerson et al. (2001) state that 2.5 – 3% of the population in the UK are among the learning disabled, with 30% of these individuals presenting with categorically severe or profound learning disabilities. Emerson et al. (2001) also tell us that frequently multiple learning disabilities present in the same individual, including physical and/or sensory impairments, physical or sensory disability and/or behavioural difficulties. The five modules presented an opportunity to explore various aspects of this specialty area and reflect on the experience on a module by module basis. The act of revisiting the individual reflection pieces to present the current summary essay allowed for not only intellectually experiencing what I wrote, but it also allowed me to re-experience each situation and gain a new appreciation for the patients I worked with, the teams I took part in, the pros and cons of each situation and what I have learned that will be immediately applicable to a real world work environment. Importance of reflection Driscoll and Teh (2001) tell us that practitioners can gain a stronger understanding about various interventions and protocols used, as well as reviewing the situation specifics of each incident, through the process of reflection. In particular, Foster (1985) stressed the importance of using a journal for purposes of written reflection on nursing practices and procedures in order to help clarify issues and make them more real and visual. Gardiner and Lawley (1995) believe that self awareness, one of the outcomes of nursing reflection, can enable staff to recognise the skills they employ and add meaning to their interactions with peers, team members and clients/patients. There were many positives and negatives I experienced on a module by module basis, but in summary, these will be presented thematically. Achievements Module Five offered the opportunity to gain insight into the lifestyle experienced by those with learning disabilities. Similarly, Module Seven provided much needed and interesting information on the role of special health needs observed in those with special needs. This enabled me to make a difference for a client with diabetes through the development of a health care action plan that included the client’s smoking cessation; something the social worker assigned to the case was no knowledgeable of. It was quite exciting to improve my communication skills throughout the five modules. For example, I was able to improve my rapport with other colleagues and various multidisciplinary healthcare professionals as well as clients as I achieved Module Nine communication based learning objectives. Godsell and Scarbrough (2006) comment communication skills are essential for healthcare practitioners. I believe they are even more critical for those working with the learning disabled. Another example was the ability to communicate effectively myself and help others, such as residential home management, communicate with a specific autistic client experiencing difficulty in choosing daily activities based on his disability. I was able to include this client in the decisions made which is critical to empowering the client with a sense of self. Similarly, during Module Five, I worked with a cerebral palsy client who was screaming due to discomfort; that was her mode of communication, which at th e time I failed to recognise, but upon reflection now know actions as well as words are important modes of communication for those with learning disabilities. Shortcomings In general, a major negative I encountered was feeling I was used as â€Å"the help† rather than as a student nurse during my placement. This limited my ability to contribute and to grow personally and professionally. This was particularly evident during Module Five. Similarly, during Module Eight I was faced with a situation creating a significant amount of stress with no stress management advice or training opportunities from which to learn how to effectively cope. Contrary to Davidson’s (2001) research, there were no in-house stress management training opportunities to take advantage of. There was a sharp discrepancy in Module Nine when reviewing the Valuing People (2001) discourse in relation to people with learning disabilities (PWLD) between what was written in the document and what I experienced at work; whereas the document stresses the rights inherent for all people be extended to PWLD, it was my experience that daily patients and clients were denied access to services due to budgetary measures rather than expressing interest in people’s rights to quality healthcare and a quality standard of life. Gates (2003) tells us those with learning disabilities have rights and should be encouraged to attain respect and reach their potential. Challenges/Learning opportunities One of the main challenges I experienced in the module series, particularly with Module Five, was relating theory to practice. However, through additional research and self motivated learning I was able to bridge the gap. I also experienced a number of personal and professional challenges that I believe helped me become a stronger person and future professional. For example, at the beginning of Module Six, my mentor informed me he would not be available to me. This was very frustrating and upsetting as I knew without the help of a mentor, it would be very difficult to achieve the specific learning objectives outlined. However, I was able to turn this situation into a positive by becoming an active contributor to my own educational process by learning, understanding and solving real life problems (Kaufman, Mann Jennet 2000). Similarly, in Module Nine, I found several of the teaching styles challenging, but that helped to develop my research skills and allow me to make contributions in the group and EBL sessions. This also helped to develop my learning and presentation skills. An additional challenge in Module Nine was situation I encountered when viewing a medication administration concern at work. While I informed my manager of the situation, the team had a negative reaction rather than positive which would have been consistent with concern over patient/client care. Thomas, Mason and Ford (2003) tell us it is difficult for workers to become whistleblowers, especially in situations related to patient/client care or maintaining standards of care. This was an even more difficult challenge for me as I was only a student with limited status in the work environment. This was similar to the situation I found myself in during Module Seven when the community care social worker appeared to be neglecting the client’s diabetes, which is inconsistent with the General Social Care Council (2002) code of practices. I felt I was caught in the middle being a student making suggestions and pointing out care inconsistencies. Through the increased communication skills I developed, I was able to participate with the social worker in the role Gates (2003) identified as a learning disability nurse educator and facilitate changes. In conclusion, through the combined effects of achieving the modules’ learning objectives, reflection on the positive and negative events as well as challenges I encountered throughout modules 5 – 9 have enhanced my skill development of working with the learning disabled, improved my problem solving skills, allowed for improved communicative ability both on interdisciplinary teams as well as working with learning or developmentally challenged persons. The added use of written reflection as a tool will further my ability to transfer these skills into practice in my future placement and allow me to be effective in my nursing capacity on day one of my engagement. References Davidson, J. 2001. Stress management: Minute 10 guide. New York: Macmillan, USA. Department of Health. 2001. Valuing People: A new strategy for learning disability for the 21st century. White Paper CM5086. Great Britain. Driscoll, J Teh, B. 2001. The potential of reflective practice to develop individual orthopaedic nurse practitioner and their practice. Journal of Orthopedic Nursing, 5, 95 – 103. Emerson, E, Hatton, C, Felce, D Murphy, A. 2001. Fundamental facts. London: The Foundation of People with a Learning Disability. Gates, B. 2004. Learning disabilities: Towards inclusion (4th ed). London: Churchill Livingstone. General Social Care Council. 2002. Code of Practice for Social Care Workers and Code of Practice for Employers of Social Care Workers. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.gscc.org.uk/NR/rdonlyres/8E693C62-9B17-48E1-A806-3F6F280354FD/0/CodesofPractice.doc [Accessed 20 September 2008]. Godsell, M Scarbrough, K. 2006. Improving communication for people with learning disabilities. Nursing Standards, 20(30), 58 – 68. Kaufman, DM, Mann, KV Jennet, P. 2000. Teaching and learning in medical education: How theory can inform practice. London: Association for the Study of Medical Education Monograph. Gardiner, A Lawley, K. 1995. Health and social care: Longman advanced GNVQ test and assessment guide. London: Longman Publishing Group. Thomas, A, Mason, L Ford, S. 2003. Care management in practice for the registered manager award: Essential reading for all care managers (2nd ed). Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers

Role of the Narrative in Miltons Lycidas Essay -- Milton Lycidas Essa

Role of the Narrative in Milton's Lycidas  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper focuses on the role of the narrative in the funeral elegy. To start, the concept of the narratee has been most deeply explored by Gerald Prince from a narratological perspective. Narratology is primary concerned with narrative patterns in fiction. In this regard, any attempt to apply the terminology commonly used in reference to fiction (and prose) to poetry seems problematic. One has to account for the differences or the similarities between the genres in order to put the discussion of the narratee in the elegy into its proper perspective. The current trend leans heavily on Bakhtin's study of the structure of the novel. In the Dialogical Imagination, Bakhtin created a sort of dichotomy between the monologic (poetry) and the dialogic. The novel becomes the site of dialogical discourse par excellence (49). But how valid is a wholesome distinction between genres within which there is so much diversity? Doesn't Bakhtin create a dichotomy which pays little consideration to the possibility of polyphony in specific texts regardless of formal classification? It may be time to consider a literary work not as a predetermined product cast in a deterministic mold, but as a dynamic system that transcends the prevailing assumptions that are supposed to define its identity. The formal definitions can be just external to the composition of the text since we cannot expect the reader to know exactly what the author intended to write without falling into the trap of intentional fallacy. To be sure, readers from different backgrounds can "hear" different voices in a text. Readers who are initiated in a particular literary environment may find the prosodic features they hav... ...enius. The death of Lycidas becomes a "national" tragedy. The principle of substitution works here: the poet who reminds his countrymen of the previous life of a dead poet also pleads for himself, seeks visibility through public discourse. In the context of the scarcity of patronage for poets in the seventeenth-century, a poet like Milton had reason to make such a plea by appealing to the puritanical instincts of an audience that would identify with a chaste genius who died in his integrity. The convoluted metaphor of purity is indeed a "wish-fulfilling dream" as Sacks points out (100). Works Cited Bakhtin, Mikhail. The Dialogic Imagination. Austin: U of Texas P, 1992. Prince, Gerald. "Introduction to the Study of the Narratee." Poetique 14 (1973): 177-96 (reprinted in English). Sacks, Peter M. The English Elegy. Baltimore: John Hopkins UP, 1985.   

Buddhism vs Jainism

There are great differences as well as similarities when comparing Buddhism and Jainism. The major difference that stands out to me would the doctrines of these religions. Mahavira and Buddha parted ways over doctrine differences. Mahavira and Buddha were powerful and charismatic in the eyes of society. They both obtained the amazing skill to convince and influence which are extremely important in start-up religions. Naturally, these two religions often disagreed over finer aspects of their prospective beliefs. Buddhism was more defined in its criticizing of Jainism. Both sought to convert others. The leaders of the two seemed to have put great efforts in support of finding converts. Both leaders, Buddha and Mahavira were from royal families. Mahavira was the last and most popular of the thirthakaras. These people worshipped in temples as â€Å"enlighten beings† who live on earth as humans. Buddhism was actually founded by Siddharta Gautama who later became Buddha entering his mother’s right side white elephant. Jainism and Buddhism were considered atheistic religions. Neither believes a â€Å"supreme God† exist. However, Buddhism seems to be more agnostic due to speculation that Buddha refused to publicly denounce or dismissed the idea of a â€Å"supreme God†. Both Jainism and Buddhism believe that karma is the force that is responsible for suffering on earth. Unlike Buddhism, Jains believe karma is not just a result of ones actions. However, karma is a real substance that becomes attached to each jiva, like impurity, performing many actions while on earth. In Buddhism the eightfold Path and four Noble Truths are what are needed to minimize the effects of negative karma and strive for their ‘salvation’. Both religions believe in liberation. There are great differences regarding who achieves this. Jains believe souls become entangled in the causative phenomena and fall to the law of karma. If liberated souls are pure and divine, but if bound they result in birth and death. According to Jain doctrine, the soul can free itself from suffering of physical life by leading a pure life as taught the thirrthankaras. Buddhism does not believe eternal souls exist. Therefore liberation is physical and mental perspective. This would be considered an individualistic approach. This indicates this person is not eternal neither Devine. Nirvana is a state in which the person’s personality becomes free. Buddhism opposed the order of the Vedic society system that divides people in caste. The Jain did not technically oppose the cast system; however everyone was treated equally under the umbrella of Jainism. Buddha’s teachings also revealed that humans suffered on earth as a direct result of negative karma, becoming attached and full of worldly desires. The Buddhism belief is the world is filled with evil and discomfort. Man is bound to the cycle of births and deaths until righteously committed. Buddhism opposed rituals of Vedic religion and concentrated more on righteous living to achieve liberation. Jainism did not oppose religious rituals. They worshipped the thithankaras in Jain temples. Jain is an austere religion; it focuses more on the individual’s actions and purity for gaining liberation. Buddhism has gained more notoriety than Jainism worldwide, most likely due to its practices. Besides, a major difference lies in the dominions of both the religions. Though both, Buddhism and Jainism, developed and originated individually in India, but difference how they went about teaching and converting. While Buddhism went abroad to other parts of the India, Central Asia, far eastern countries, and parts of North America and Europe as well. Jainism remained confined to India and seems to stagnate as it pertains to growth. Buddhism today is culturally diverse.

Free Essays on Orgin Of Evil

God is good, and all that he has made is good. But, even with all his goodness there is still a corrupt and sinful nature in the world. All this came about because of Adam’s sin in the Garden of Eden. It is easy to recognize that this is the origin of sin, and because of this act, the entire human race has fallen into the same sinful lifestyle. Even though we can trace the original sin, it is not easy to put the finger at a particular person or being to blame the origin of evil into the world. The origin of evil is the first domino in the sinful domino effect. But where did this come from? Who is to blame? Did God originate evil in the world? Did Adam and Eve first have an evil heart before they took of the fruit? Or did it all fall upon God’s mightiest angel? It is within these three people that the origin of sin could have possibly have come. God is the creator of all, but does that mean that he could have created evil as well? This question is similar to a question I heard as a young child, â€Å"Can God make a rock that he can not pick up?† Both of these questions puts God into a box, but in order to bypass any more theological debate, I will end by saying God can do all, but has also placed limits within himself. By understanding this concept it is safe to say that God did install evil into the world. After ever single creation in the Bible, the bible says â€Å"†¦and it was good.† From common knowledge everyone knows that good is the complete opposite of evil, and good and evil have nothing in common with each other. II Corinthians 6:14 says, â€Å"Do not be yoked together with unbelievers. For what do righteousness and wickedness have in common? Or what fellowship can light have with darkness?† According to John MacArthur, Jr he states, â€Å"God is not the author of evil. If God created evil, then God would be both good and evil. And if God were both good and evil, there would be no hope for the ultimate triumph of good, which... Free Essays on Orgin Of Evil Free Essays on Orgin Of Evil God is good, and all that he has made is good. But, even with all his goodness there is still a corrupt and sinful nature in the world. All this came about because of Adam’s sin in the Garden of Eden. It is easy to recognize that this is the origin of sin, and because of this act, the entire human race has fallen into the same sinful lifestyle. Even though we can trace the original sin, it is not easy to put the finger at a particular person or being to blame the origin of evil into the world. The origin of evil is the first domino in the sinful domino effect. But where did this come from? Who is to blame? Did God originate evil in the world? Did Adam and Eve first have an evil heart before they took of the fruit? Or did it all fall upon God’s mightiest angel? It is within these three people that the origin of sin could have possibly have come. God is the creator of all, but does that mean that he could have created evil as well? This question is similar to a question I heard as a young child, â€Å"Can God make a rock that he can not pick up?† Both of these questions puts God into a box, but in order to bypass any more theological debate, I will end by saying God can do all, but has also placed limits within himself. By understanding this concept it is safe to say that God did install evil into the world. After ever single creation in the Bible, the bible says â€Å"†¦and it was good.† From common knowledge everyone knows that good is the complete opposite of evil, and good and evil have nothing in common with each other. II Corinthians 6:14 says, â€Å"Do not be yoked together with unbelievers. For what do righteousness and wickedness have in common? Or what fellowship can light have with darkness?† According to John MacArthur, Jr he states, â€Å"God is not the author of evil. If God created evil, then God would be both good and evil. And if God were both good and evil, there would be no hope for the ultimate triumph of good, which...

Сurrent level satisfaction in Granary Library Essays

Ð ¡urrent level satisfaction in Granary Library Essays Ð ¡urrent level satisfaction in Granary Library Essay Ð ¡urrent level satisfaction in Granary Library Essay The Business I have chosen to base my work on is the Granary library. I am going to investigate and analise the current level of satisfaction within the library, both users and non-users. An interview will be conducted with an executive librarian from the Library, Deirdre O Dea. Quantitative research will involve the use of a questionnaire with a combination of closed and multi-choice questions. The report examines whether users satisfaction with the library services is affected by certain objectives. The surveys suggest some recommendations and conclusion. Introduction Kotler (2000) defined satisfaction as: a persons feeling of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a products perceived performance (or outcome) in relation to his or her expectations1. In other words the satisfaction can be associated with feelings of acceptance, happiness, relief, excitement and delight. There are many factors that affect customer satisfaction. This research involves a survey on the Granary Librarys level of satisfaction. Factors include friendly, knowledgeable and courteous employees, service quality, and good value. In this case satisfaction is the state that results after the library user has positively experienced a service. The survey was planned to assess usage of and satisfaction with resources and selected library services. Many researchers have looked into the importance of customer satisfaction. In this case it is important for users to get an acceptable library service, whether it is to be used for a personal research or for a personal pleasure. Because satisfaction is basically a psychological state, care should be taken in the effort of quantitative measurement. Therefore in order to achieve customer satisfaction, the Library must be able to satisfy their customers needs and wants and represents the adequate service level. Background The Library is located in the Limerick city Council on the Michael Street. Its mission statement is We are committed to giving a quality service to everyone in a safe and secure environment. Our staff will make sure that services are delivered properly, fairly, openly and impartially2. Use of the facilities in the Library is open to all and there are no charges except for photocopying and printing. A full-time librarian is available at the reference department to assist people with queries and research. In addition to the many historical reference materials available there is an extensive collection of Limerick-related materials held here. This local collection is an essential aid for anyone researching the history of Limerick. The Music Library, stocks over 5,000 items including: In order to get a profile of users, those surveyed were asked to state their gender and age. There was a range in age from high school, undergraduate and graduate students (20%) to adults (72. 5%). Age group was an approximately equal e. g. male (42. 5%) and female (57. 5%). Appendix 1 As many of the questionnaires were completed in the library, it was not surprising that (87. 5%) respondents stated that they were members of the library. Those (12. 5%) who were not members of the library stated that newspapers were cited as the principal source of information by this group. The 70% of respondents said that they visit the library a weekly, 25% -monthly and just 5% visit the library rarely. The primary uses of the library refer to respondents are: personal pleasure which topped the list (35%), followed by personal research (22. 5%) and school related (17. 5%). More less percent use the library for work related purposes (10%) and an equal amount for childrens and social purposes (7. 5%) Appendix 2 The 80% of users declared that they always found what they were looking for when searching for materials. The 15% indicated that was less easy and for the rest 5% of users it was not easy at all. Appendix 3 Question ? 10 was asked in relation to staff and services of the library. These related to staff helpfulness, security, convenient hours, areas for reading etc. The overall response to this was very positive with 45% of respondents offering favourable opinions on staff helpfulness, knowledge and friendliness. 30% of users indicated a good level of satisfaction with areas for reading. The rest of respondents were not satisfied with existing library services such as: security (7. 5%), convenient hours (12. 5%) and parking (5%). Appendix 3 Finally, the list of comments was analysed, using five main categories, into positive and negative comments. These are displayed in Appendix ? A high level (32. 5%) of adult and childrens books (27. 5%) was rated and confirmed by the survey. The 30% were satisfied with reference materials. Some respondents identified a need more for audio tapes. The areas where lowest satisfaction levels were recorded were: films (5%) and internet access (2. 5%). The 65% of members indicated that the library is fairly important to them and for the 32. 5% is extremely important. Overall the 65% are satisfied with existing library services and the rest of respondents (35%) are extremely satisfied. Appendix ? On the other hand people were asked what improvements they would like to see in the public library services. The respondents included a wider selection of books and audio materials and improvement of internet facilities. Some of them said the weekend hours are too short. Some respondents called for extended range of events and exhibitions. Conclusions The main conclusions of the study may be summarised as follows: Barriers to public library service included a lack of suitable stock and limitation on library budget. The major issues also flagged as a barrier to further use were: opening hours, stock, internet access and parking. The survey suggests that if they were improved in these areas, use of the library services would increase. The arrival in Ireland of significant numbers of foreign nationals has provided a new challenge for public library services. The survey of foreign nationals also indicated a need for newspapers. A lot of foreigners use the internet facilities were the service must used in public library. The majority used them to communicate by e-mail with family and friends back home, to learn new languages and to look up general information queries. Lack of language skills is a barrier to library access. Recommendations The results of these evaluations served as a basis for the final recommendations. They need improve their stock. This included: quality and quantity of books, reference, historical and archival publications, magazines, video/tapes, audio books. To identify and meet the needs of growing culturally diverse population that communicates in an increasing variety of languages the management should provide an appropriate training for staff to enable them to interact more effectively with foreigners. Translated materials on library service should facilitate it. The library needs to update commercial relationships with suppliers of library books. More use of new technology to enhance the efficiency of traditional library services such as book issues, access to library catalogues and provision of reference information. The staff needs to be honest with library users in educating/informing them as to what libraries can or cannot provide. Therefore I would recommend the library to improve the methods to learn about the library resources and services in future: e-mail links to (in-depth), short notices about resources and services.

Free Essays on Education And Power

Education and Power "Education in modern society is about power. To ask who is to be educated is to ask who is to rule."(Halls, vii) This same statement could also apply to the eighteenth century; the wealthier families could afford to send their children off to college to further their education to become doctors or lawyers. This form of education progressed until 1760 when the nationalization of the education system became a noticeable progression. They believed that through making education a national topic then they could in turn influence the students to create a better society. The church was even pressing for national education. "Education became an almost universal corrective to human and social ills."(Palmer, 3) While the children were in school this gave the educators an opportunity to install "virtues and desirable attitudes and habits." (Palmer, 3) However, not everyone believed that the only way to create a better society was to train the children from a young age to act a certain way. Many believed that a child is born with a set of morals and virtues to prevent them from doing something that should not be done. If a child is not born with these morals and virtues then even being trained from a young age to act a certain way is not going to prevent them from doing something that the society sees as wrong. Colleges also played into the ideal of creating a better society. "The ideal French college in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was a place of salutary confinement, designed to shield growing boys from the evils of the outside world." (Palmer, 13) Prior to the eighteenth century "Northwestern France, England, and the Netherlands showed about the same rate of literacy and together formed the most literate zone in Europe, until overtaken by Scotland during the eighteenth century." (Palmer, 10) As important as education began to be it didn't change the fact that the best education that one could receive... Free Essays on Education And Power Free Essays on Education And Power Education and Power "Education in modern society is about power. To ask who is to be educated is to ask who is to rule."(Halls, vii) This same statement could also apply to the eighteenth century; the wealthier families could afford to send their children off to college to further their education to become doctors or lawyers. This form of education progressed until 1760 when the nationalization of the education system became a noticeable progression. They believed that through making education a national topic then they could in turn influence the students to create a better society. The church was even pressing for national education. "Education became an almost universal corrective to human and social ills."(Palmer, 3) While the children were in school this gave the educators an opportunity to install "virtues and desirable attitudes and habits." (Palmer, 3) However, not everyone believed that the only way to create a better society was to train the children from a young age to act a certain way. Many believed that a child is born with a set of morals and virtues to prevent them from doing something that should not be done. If a child is not born with these morals and virtues then even being trained from a young age to act a certain way is not going to prevent them from doing something that the society sees as wrong. Colleges also played into the ideal of creating a better society. "The ideal French college in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was a place of salutary confinement, designed to shield growing boys from the evils of the outside world." (Palmer, 13) Prior to the eighteenth century "Northwestern France, England, and the Netherlands showed about the same rate of literacy and together formed the most literate zone in Europe, until overtaken by Scotland during the eighteenth century." (Palmer, 10) As important as education began to be it didn't change the fact that the best education that one could receive...

How Does Globliztion Affect Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

How Does Globliztion Affect Women - Essay Example This essay stresses that communicÐ °tion is lÐ °unching Ð ° women's rÐ °dio stÐ °tion to educÐ °te women Ð °bout their legÐ °l rights Ð °nd similÐ °r mÐ °tters. In the Ð SIL rÐ °dio series on The IndividuÐ °l Ð °nd GlobÐ °lizÐ °tion, lÐ °wyers helped creÐ °te Ð ° spÐ °ce in which women in the developing world told their stories to Ð ° broÐ °d Ð °udience. In EcuÐ °dor, Ð ° lÐ °wyer skilled in mediÐ °tion enÐ °bles Ð °n indigenous group to Ð °void the expense of nÐ °tionÐ °l courts. Postmodern lÐ °wyers cÐ °n even Ð °ppropriÐ °te Ð °dvertising. Pierre SchlÐ °g describes Ð ° Mobil Ð °dvertisement, for exÐ °mple, in which the oil compÐ °ny exploits refugees to enhÐ °nce its corporÐ °te imÐ °ge. WhÐ °tever its objective, the Ð °dvertisement mÐ °y well contribute to Rorty's "sympÐ °thy"--unfocused, sentimentÐ °l, but sympÐ °thy nevertheless. This paper makes a conclusion that the postmodern Ð °ttorney represents her client in Ð ° new wÐ °y. Unlike the clÐ °ssic lÐ °wyer, she does not seek to simply represent her client's interests before the Ð °ppropriÐ °te tribunÐ °l. RÐ °ther, she recognizes thÐ °t those interests mÐ °y not be cognizÐ °ble under the lÐ °w. The economic rights of mÐ °rginÐ °lized women Ð °re rÐ °rely recognized in nÐ °tionÐ °l lÐ °w Ð °nd only vÐ °guely suggested in internÐ °tionÐ °l lÐ °w. The postmodern Ð °ttorney must find other wÐ °ys to support her clients. Ð  CÐ °mpÐ °ign for Economic Justice, for exÐ °mple, wÐ °s orgÐ °nized by women who hÐ °d been on welfÐ °re themselves. They filled Ð ° bus Ð °nd trÐ °veled Ð °cross the country for two months, stopping for Ð ° series of cÐ °refully orchestrÐ °ted meetings, rÐ °llies, Ð °nd slide shows.

Financial reporting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial reporting - Assignment Example rganization is not to simply promote its very own business and increase the ultimate goal of profit figures but, on the other hand, these organization also acknowledges their secondary responsibility towards its society people and environmental affects. The primary purpose of conducting various CSER activities by Company is the clear acknowledgement on the part of the Company that they do care about its society, their peoples, and environment and therefore, is consistently working on the promotion of various subjects of the society including, literature, sports, health, safety and others. CSER involve in incurring some short-term expenses and costs for the organization that do not also provide an instant financial benefit to the business, but instead it provides some qualitative return to the business in the long run. The activities of CSER widely promote many positive and beneficial transformations into the society and environment, in which the organization is performing their operations. With the help of CSER report, the ultimate aim of the business is to signify towards the society that they are the organization which have strict regulations and controls over the various business evils, including, Frauds, Bribery, Political influences and gifts, conflict of interests, compromise of independence issues, tax evasion, unethical business practice, unfair competitive activities, lack of confidentiality of business information and acumen, harassment of human rights and values, discrimination and many others, depending on the structure and needs of the organization. Through, CSER, business organization also wants demonstrate they strictly follow health and safety measures, its code of conduct, regulatory guidelines and are continually striving for improvement in order to accrue lesser and lesser damage to physical environment and nature. ABF Plc’s Corporate Responsibility Report clearly demonstrates that how much importance they are actually giving to the area

The challanges of adopting a multi-channel retail approach Essay

The challanges of adopting a multi-channel retail approach - Essay Example It is evident that the digital era fuelled novel business opportunities and the continuous evolution of online business channels have made multi-channel retailing a reality, with the customer now placed at the forefront of retail strategy (Jain, 2008). In turn, this has reshaped business distribution and marketing models. To this end, it is submitted as a central proposition in this paper that consumers increasingly dictate retail strategy and therefore CRM is vital as part of an integrated retail strategy to ensure that an organization keeps pace with the multi-channel retail model. Moreover, the central consideration should be given to the movement away from the conventional economics based approach to consider the benefit of integrating effective CRM into retail strategy. For example, Weinberg at al’s 2007 report into changing consumer behaviour highlights that approximately 65-70% of consumers fall within the category of â€Å"multichannel shoppers† and they increas ingly have the highest purchasing power. (Weinberg et al, 2007). As a result, Weinberg et al posit that it is â€Å"critical that organisations effectively employ a multichannel marketing approach, as consumers in B2C contexts now expect it† (Weinberg et al, 2007, p.385). The impact of multi-channel retailing has continued to grow and Retail Solutions Online highlight that industry research indicates that approximately 40% of sales will be attributable to the multi-channel model by 2012 (2009). Additionally, the Retail Solutions’ Online research indicates that the proliferation of the multi-channel retail model will continue to grow and as a result, retail business have to embrace the model as part of integrated retail strategy to compete in the marketplace (2009). Moreover, Vollmer and Precourt argue that the underlying basis for marketing is rooted in economic principles of exchanging goods for value (2008). It is precisely this concept of â€Å"value† that ha s been at the heart of marketing strategy in persuading consumers to exchange value for goods in conventional business strategy. However, as the business models continue to evolve in line with changing consumer habits and retail channels, Vargo and Lusch point to the fact that economical basis for traditional marketing strategy has been forced to adapt to remain relevant (2004). Additionally, Vargo and Lusch further refer to the arguments of Achrol and Kotler that the: â€Å"very nature of network organisation†¦..and the potential impact on the organisation of consumption all suggest that a paradigm shift for marketing may not be far over the horizon†

Holy Spirit in the New Testament Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Holy Spirit in the New Testament - Essay Example Since He knows each person perfectly and it is understood that people think differently, He can transfer information to people in ways that they would comprehend it (Acts of the Apostles 2:7)." In this case, the Holy Spirit plays a significant role in transformation and teaching believers on what to do as Christian as well as fellowship among Christians through His presence. Also, the Holy Spirit is included when baptizing believers as Matthew 28:19-20 states that "19Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in[a] the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, 20and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age." If we are to deal with the origin of Christ when He entered here on erath in Human form, He was conceived by the Holy Spirit. Matthew 1:20-21 says "But after he had considered this, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said, "Joseph son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary home as your wife, because what is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. 21She will give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus,[c] because he will save his people from their sins." Also, when Jesus was Baptized, the spirit of God appeared. In Matthew 3:16-17 it was stated that "16As soon as Jesus was baptized, he went up out of the water. At that moment heaven was opened, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and lighting on him. 17And a voice from heaven said, "This is my Son, whom I love; with him I am well pleased" The communication of Jesus with his Father is the Holy Spirit. A passage in Luke 10:21 says "21At that time Jesus, full of joy through the Holy Spirit, said, "I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because you have hidden these things from the wise and learned, and revealed them to little children. Yes, Father, for this was your good pleasure." How can we today understand this gift of Jesus: The Holy Spirit Jesus during His time here on earth uttered that if He will not leave then the Holy Spirit not come furthermore, In John 14:26 it is stated that "26But the Counselor, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, will teach you all things and will remind you of everything I have said to you. 27Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid." T The goal of life is to know fully who I am In 2 Timothy 1:9, in Paul's letter to Timothy, it was stated that "9who has saved us and called us to a holy life-not because of anything we have done but because of his own purpose and grace. This grace was given us in Christ Jesus before the beginning of time," We are created for God's purpose. How can we recover the lost contemplative dimension of life We lost our lives due to sin and in this case, we lost everything in life including our souls. However, when Christ died for us, he freely gave us everything including our access with God. It would be once again possible if we accept the Lord Jesus as our personal Lord and Savior ( and admit that we are sinners (Repentance) the common passage for this is found on John 3:16. Also, 1

HIV Infected Mothers Having Babies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HIV Infected Mothers Having Babies - Essay Example Because more women are infected with HIV, there is dilemma for public servants in helping HIV positive mothers have babies. Some believe HIV positive women should not have babies at all. Others would rather not see babies Born to HIV mothers become infected, but realize that as human beings those women wish to have normal family lives as others do. For some women, the idea of having a baby with a positive HIV status is unthinkable. They would not want to take the risk of transmitting the virus to the baby. They also may fear that spouses or other family members would not want to care for an HIV positive baby after the mother’s death. Other women believe having a baby where there is a high risk of birth defects is ok, but not having a baby that might get the HIV virus. Personal views stem from socially acceptable norms that accept babies with birth defects more than those with HIV. Other women believe that regardless of the risks, they have a right to bear children and have a f amily just as much as the next woman. Women in the United States are not prohibited from having babies when they are HIV positive. Interestingly, in Botswana some officials discourage women with HIV from having babies â€Å"claiming that they are not fit to take care of a child or that they will automatically transmit the virus to the infant† (Doyle). Women are often shunned by locals who know they have the virus, when they decide to have children. This is surprising as infants are more likely to die in their first year of life due to unsanitary water and poor nutrition.

Kite Runner (Write Hassan's Story) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kite Runner (Write Hassan's Story) - Essay Example This showed the harassment and troubles that the ethnic minorities faced in Afghanistan at the hands of the pathans. After the incident with Hassan, Amir and Hassan moved apart when Amir put some money under Hassan’s pillow and blamed Hassan for stealing. Hassan took the blame and went away with his father while Amir moved to Pakistan, and eventually to America (Hosseini 295). Ali went with Hassan to a mountainous region which was isolated in central Afghanistan and was inhabited by their ethnic race. Hassan has always been loyal and good-natured. He is rather an innocent child who became a victim of the sexual desires of the rapist who raped him. The story unfolds to the fact that Amir and Hassan have been separated. While Amir is in America living a peaceful life, Hassan spends his whole life and death in Afghanistan in the country which is the focal point of the Soviet invasion and wars, and later the centre of violence of Taliban. Hassan’s father Ali dies due to the violence and Hassan gets married and has a son who is soon sent to orphanage after Hassan and his wife are killed by the Taliban (Hosseini 316). Hassan’s life has been tragic and innocent throughout and he has seen very less of good things just because he was an ethnic minority living in a violent country like Afghanistan. He spent his best time while he was with Amir in his house as they both played kite running and spent a lot of time together. It was after the rape which leads the change in Hassan’s life and shaped Amir’s guilt of not helping him throughout the story. This shows the ugliest picture of the injustice that the ethnic minorities had to face in Afghanistan. After Hassan leaves Amir’s house, he is forced to serve his rapist who belonged to a rich and powerful family. Hassan cannot take any action against his rape and instead has to dutifully serve the rapist just because he

Holy Spirit in the New Testament Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Holy Spirit in the New Testament - Essay Example Since He knows each person perfectly and it is understood that people think differently, He can transfer information to people in ways that they would comprehend it (Acts of the Apostles 2:7)." In this case, the Holy Spirit plays a significant role in transformation and teaching believers on what to do as Christian as well as fellowship among Christians through His presence. Also, the Holy Spirit is included when baptizing believers as Matthew 28:19-20 states that "19Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in[a] the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, 20and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age." If we are to deal with the origin of Christ when He entered here on erath in Human form, He was conceived by the Holy Spirit. Matthew 1:20-21 says "But after he had considered this, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said, "Joseph son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary home as your wife, because what is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. 21She will give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus,[c] because he will save his people from their sins." Also, when Jesus was Baptized, the spirit of God appeared. In Matthew 3:16-17 it was stated that "16As soon as Jesus was baptized, he went up out of the water. At that moment heaven was opened, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and lighting on him. 17And a voice from heaven said, "This is my Son, whom I love; with him I am well pleased" The communication of Jesus with his Father is the Holy Spirit. A passage in Luke 10:21 says "21At that time Jesus, full of joy through the Holy Spirit, said, "I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because you have hidden these things from the wise and learned, and revealed them to little children. Yes, Father, for this was your good pleasure." How can we today understand this gift of Jesus: The Holy Spirit Jesus during His time here on earth uttered that if He will not leave then the Holy Spirit not come furthermore, In John 14:26 it is stated that "26But the Counselor, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, will teach you all things and will remind you of everything I have said to you. 27Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid." T The goal of life is to know fully who I am In 2 Timothy 1:9, in Paul's letter to Timothy, it was stated that "9who has saved us and called us to a holy life-not because of anything we have done but because of his own purpose and grace. This grace was given us in Christ Jesus before the beginning of time," We are created for God's purpose. How can we recover the lost contemplative dimension of life We lost our lives due to sin and in this case, we lost everything in life including our souls. However, when Christ died for us, he freely gave us everything including our access with God. It would be once again possible if we accept the Lord Jesus as our personal Lord and Savior ( and admit that we are sinners (Repentance) the common passage for this is found on John 3:16. Also, 1

Kite Runner (Write Hassan's Story) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kite Runner (Write Hassan's Story) - Essay Example This showed the harassment and troubles that the ethnic minorities faced in Afghanistan at the hands of the pathans. After the incident with Hassan, Amir and Hassan moved apart when Amir put some money under Hassan’s pillow and blamed Hassan for stealing. Hassan took the blame and went away with his father while Amir moved to Pakistan, and eventually to America (Hosseini 295). Ali went with Hassan to a mountainous region which was isolated in central Afghanistan and was inhabited by their ethnic race. Hassan has always been loyal and good-natured. He is rather an innocent child who became a victim of the sexual desires of the rapist who raped him. The story unfolds to the fact that Amir and Hassan have been separated. While Amir is in America living a peaceful life, Hassan spends his whole life and death in Afghanistan in the country which is the focal point of the Soviet invasion and wars, and later the centre of violence of Taliban. Hassan’s father Ali dies due to the violence and Hassan gets married and has a son who is soon sent to orphanage after Hassan and his wife are killed by the Taliban (Hosseini 316). Hassan’s life has been tragic and innocent throughout and he has seen very less of good things just because he was an ethnic minority living in a violent country like Afghanistan. He spent his best time while he was with Amir in his house as they both played kite running and spent a lot of time together. It was after the rape which leads the change in Hassan’s life and shaped Amir’s guilt of not helping him throughout the story. This shows the ugliest picture of the injustice that the ethnic minorities had to face in Afghanistan. After Hassan leaves Amir’s house, he is forced to serve his rapist who belonged to a rich and powerful family. Hassan cannot take any action against his rape and instead has to dutifully serve the rapist just because he

Breakfast Eating Habits - UK - April 2014 Report by Researchmoz Essay Example for Free

Breakfast Eating Habits UK April 2014 Report by Researchmoz Essay

Bachelor Of Business In Tourism Management Tourism Essay

Bachelor Of Business In Tourism Management Tourism Essay The objective of this project is providing an evaluation of sustainability in Changi Airport. By focusing Terminal 3, a lot of discussion and analysis have been done to examine Changi Airports sustainability. The project comprises four main components included the description of Changi Airport, identification and discussion of sustainability criteria, analysis of potential impacts and recommended planning tool. Methodology: The project takes full advantage of using qualitative and quantitative methods to collect data for the sustainable indicators and support for its arguments. Particularly, to qualitative method, a lot of site observations, evident pictures and interviews with relevant personal included face-to-face communication and email were conducted to examine Changi Airports sustainability (Hair et al. 2003, p.74). Feinstein Thomas (2002) determined that quantitative method is the adoption from a range of mathematical and statistical techniques used to analyze data and information. The qualitative method was applied to obtain information through Changi Airport website, relevant journal articles and books from both online sources and the National Library Singapore. Description of Changi Airport: Singapore Changi Airport has always been known as the best airport in the world (Changi Airport Group (CAG) 2010). Their reputation has been expanded through a lot of annual worldwide awards such as: 2010 Best Green Service Provider Airport, 2009 Asias Leading Airport, 2008 Worlds Leading Eco-friendly Airport, 2007 Worlds Leading Airport, etc (CAG 2010). Establishing from 1981, Changi Airport is centrally located in the South East Asian region and is managed by the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) (Caudle 1996). The airport handles more than 80 airlines operating 5,100 weekly scheduled flights flying to about 200 cities in 60 countries (Hui Wan2003). These big numbers of airlines operations allow the airport welcoming more than 5,000 arrivals and departures every week and over 37 million passengers a year (Hui Wan 2003). Changi Airport Terminal 3 opened on 9 January 2008. This S$1.75 billion terminal comprises 380000 square meter of space and can handle about 22 million passengers a year (NEWASIA Singapore 2010). The roof of the main terminal building is designed with 919 skylights that automatically adjust to sunlight and fill soft natural light into the inside of the terminal (NEWASIA Singapore 2010). Terminal 3 consists of seven storeys (4 levels above ground and 3 levels below ground) which are considered as a small city with many services and amenities (NEWASIA Singapore 2010). There is a floor-to-ceiling viewing gallery on the fourth floor which allows visitors to enjoy watching the control tower, plane takeoff and land. Natural greenery is the main theme of the terminals architectural design (NEWASIA Singapore 2010). The green wall, a 5-storey tall and 300 meter long vertical garden is very good evidence with 4 waterfalls, layers of tropical foliage and sculptured sandstone art walls at the arrival hall (NEWASIA Singapore 2010). Identification and Discussion of Sustainability Criteria: Sustainability Criteria is known as the specific standards which organizations follow to achieve their purposes of minimizing at the lowest level of negative impacts and balancing the triple bottom lines (Swarbrooke 1999). To be well-known as a green destination, Changi Airport has put a lot of efforts to obtain sustainability in many ways. (The table of sustainability indicators can refer to Appendix 1) Environmental Indicators: Water Management: To Changi Airport, water management is very important to reduce as much as possible water consumption and the amount of water that takes from suppliers. They are quite successful to apply Rainwater Harvesting system that allows them to collect storm water for irrigating plants at Changi Airport Nursery and external landscape areas (CAG 2009). Besides, NEWater (recycled water) is using as the main water source in Changi Airport for multiply purposes such as : irrigation, fire-fighting, sanitation and cooling purposes in place of potable water (CAG 2009). Another efficiency practice in water conservation is installing flow rate regulators for wash basins in selected areas of the airport to decrease water usage by 66% from 6 liters per minute to 2 liters per minute (CAG 2009).  Drinking water is also conserved in term of installing taps with water saving devices such as on-off sensors (CAG 2009). One of the biggest sources of water usage is from toilets, so that Change Airport Introducing low-flush toilets that recycled water (NEWater) being used for flushing (CAG 2009). Energy Management: The airport has saved a lot of energy from its initiatives to improve energy efficiency. A typical practice is using natural lighting in passenger areas by installing double glazed glass and solar shading devices (CAG 2009).  These practices allow the nature light to get into the buildings while minimizing heat gained from sunlight at the same time. From then on, it helps to decrease the need for artificial lighting and air conditioning. Inside the buildings, they also set up the efficient lighting system with motion sensors and sensor escalators and travellators (CAG 2009). The other practices included shutting down escalators and travellators at night and during off-peak hours, turning off peripheral lighting during day time and looking for the best energy-efficient options when replacing their assets and equipments (CAG 2009). The most remarkable practice is installing a 250kWp photovoltaic system with solar panel modules which cover a rooftop area of about 2,500m ². These panel modules generate over 280,000 kWh/year, it is calculated to reduce more than 122,000kg of carbon dioxide per year (CAG 2009). Waste Management: The whole idea of sustainable development has been developed very efficiently by Changi Airport through reducing waste generation and increasing the percentage of waste recycled. The airport has introduced a new creative design of recycling bins which actually depicted an enlarged bottle, a can and a newspaper (CAG 2009). The purpose of these bins is trying to catch peoples attention and encourage them to be more considerate and participate in recycle waste. With regards to reducing waste generation, the airports taxiway pavements are construed by recycled materials and recycled concrete is used to built roadways, drains, pavements and kerbs. Office refurbishments are also used drywall partitions instead of mortar and bricks to minimize waste generation (CAG 2009).These results in cost savings through waste disposal and raw material costs. Noise Management: Efficient noise management always challenges for aircraft operators all over the world. The activities such as: re-fuelling, baggage loading, engine maintenance, unloading and re-provisioning of aircraft usually generate a lot of noise which can affect directly to the nearby community. At Changi Airport, noise management is considered as a very important factor to minimize the possible negative impacts to the community. All airlines and civil aircraft operating in Singapore have to commit to  meet the noise standards stipulated by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)s guidelines on Balanced Approach to Noise (CAG 2009). Land use planning is conducted by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), which zones land surrounding Changi Airport for residential use in accordance with international norms on noise levels.   Noise studies are conducted regularly to update the noise contours around Changi Airport.   The results of these studies are shared with URA for future land-use planning (CAG 2009). Changi Airport also assigns runways to aircrafts to reduce air traffic and requires all aircraft that departing from Singapore to follow defined routes to avoid flying directly overhead residential areas (CAG 2009). Besides, the airport conducts regular inspections to maintain noise level and detect any abnormal noise activity (CAG 2009). With a better effort to reduce noise level, Changi Airport Group (2009) cooperates with Singapore Amalgamated Services Co-operative Organization (SASCO), the nearby airside agency to ensure that the impact of noise from their compounds is minimized especially from 12 a.m. to 06 a.m. Air Quality Control: To Changi Airport, providing a good environment with best air quality is very important to protect their employees health and the local community. There are a lot of useful practices which allow them to minimize as much as possible the amount of carbon dioxide generating from airport vehicles, ground running of aircraft, road traffic, food preparation and air conditioning. They only use hybrid tractors to sort baggage within Terminal 3 (CAG 2009). The Sky Train system is also used efficiently to transport passengers who make inter-terminal flight connections among Terminal 1, 2 and 3 (CAG, 2009). The system has total of seven stations: two each in Terminal 1 and 2, and three in Terminal 3. This high-speed people mover system is powered by electricity and creates zero local emissions (CAG 2009). Moreover, the airport put their sustainable efforts in term of designing the airfield to maximize the number of rapid exit taxiways and connecting taxiways to limit congestion on the airfield (CAG 2009). This helps cutting down a lot of taxiing time of aircraft and reducing a large amount of engine emissions. Another good practice which allows reducing a lot of carbon emissions from the airport is applying electronic car park system in 1,700 car park spaces and 130 motorcycle spaces (Changi Airport Singapore (CAS) 2010). With this helpful system, vehicles can quickly find the empty lots and decrease the big amount of carbon emissions from going around the car parks. The key highlight of terminal 3 is the Green Wall, five-storey high vertical garden. The garden is designed with four cascading waterfalls, a sculptured sandstone art wall and a lot of climbing plants (Hui Wan 2003). This green practice help creating fresh air, cooling the atmosphere inside the building and saving a large amount of energy consumptions through air conditioners. Stress Level: Changi Airport is well-known as one of the best airports all over the world which serves more than 80 airlines operating 5,100 weekly scheduled flights flying to about 200 cities in 60 countries (Hui Wan2003). These big numbers of airlines operations allow the airport welcoming more than 5,000 arrivals and departures every week and over 37 million passengers a year (Hui Wan 2003). The whole airport is about 1,300 hectares with 870 hectares reclaimed from the sea (670 hectares using seafill and 200 hectares using landfill) (CAS 2010). There are more than 230 retails and services stores and about 100 food beverage establishments here (CAS 2010). Besides, terminal 3 has an annual handling capacity of 22 million passengers while the total handling capacity of Changi Airport is about 70 million passengers per year (CAS 2010). Social-cultural Indicators: Environmental Education: There are many kinds of sustainable education which is conducted in Changi Airport through environmental exhibitions, campaigns, events, gallery and activities. Some remarkable activities that bring a lot of good green image of Changi Airport are: Changi Airport Group and IATA launched environmental exhibition between 2 February 2010 and 28 February 2010 to highlight aviations commitment to the environment (Changi Airport Group IATA 2010). The airport practiced Earth Hour 2010 to raise environmental awareness among its stakeholders (CAS 2010). Changi Airport cooperates with National Museum of Singapore and Double A Ltd. to promote Making your own woodblock print with local icons campaign to use the paper wisely (CAS 2010). Value of foreign ownership: The full beneficial ownership of Changi Airport belongs to the government of Singapore. The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) is  the regulatory authority (Channel Newasia 2009). Within CAAS, there are two entities: One is in charge in the regulator, promoter and developer of the aviation industry (Channel Newasia 2009). The corporatized entity is in charge to operate Changi Airport, the airport emergency services and exploit investment opportunities overseas (Channel Newasia 2009). Locals jobs created through tourism: Changi Airport is generating about 13,000 jobs for local community (CAS 2010). Baseline Indicators: Quality Management: Changi Airport is known as the worlds most awarded airport with over 350 awards included 28 won in 2009 and  8 won as at May 2010 (CAG 2010). Some remarkable awards are: 2010 Best Green Service Provider Airport 2009 Asias Leading Airport 2008 Worlds Leading Airport 2008 Worlds Leading Eco-friendly Airport Potential Impacts of Changi Airport: Tourism activities can cause a lot of impacts to the triple bottom lines included environment, economic and social-culture (Swarbrooke 1999). Changi Airport is well-known as an essential element in the aviation industry in particular and the whole tourism system (WTS) in general (Weaver Lawton 2010). Therefore, it cannot ignore both negative and positive impacts from its transportation service to local community. Environmental Impacts: The good side of tourism development in Changi Airport is promoting peoples sustainable awareness and their responsibility in term of environmental conservation (Buckley 2000). There are also many cleaning programmes such as: the Clean Energy Programme Office (CEPO) to protect the attractiveness and green image of the best worldwide eco-friendly airport (Singapore Economic Development Board 2009). Besides, one of the best benefits which Changi Airport has created for the environment is promoting the development of using renewable sources such as: solar energy- 919 skylights, recycled water the NEWater, etc (Manson 2003). Together with the positive impact, there are also a lot of negative impacts which Changi Airport generates for the environment. Noise pollution is, for many people, the most obvious form of pollution related mainly to aircraft (Leiper, Braithwaite Witsel 2008). Besides, its impacts on climate change, peoples health and contributing in depleting the stratospheric ozone layer are the most serious problems (Refer to Appendix 2 for more detail). Social Impacts: The development of tourism in Changi Airport has created more job opportunities and higher income to local residents. There are about 13,000 jobs are generated during last few years (CAS 2010). It also results in the development of more and better shopping, transport, the countrys medical facilities, cultural and recreational facilities and communication facilities (Khan et al. 1990). Crowne Plaza Hotel with 5- star rate is a very good example of how good infrastructure has been improved because of tourism development in Changi Airport (CAG 2010). Besides, it can bring locals feeling of pride about their worlds best eco-friendly airport and consciousness of keeping the airport clean and attractive (Khan et al. 1990). The image of Singapore as a clean and beautiful city is also emerged to attract more and more tourists (Khan et al. 1990). On the other hand, the development can cause vulnerability to the community. The difference in wealth between the locals and the tourists may result in the high number in drug abuse, prostitution, and theft and crime rate especially with the setup of gambling facilities at the two integrated resorts (Khan et al. 1990). Many locals complained that they have to pay higher prices for some good and services as well we their rentals for offices and shops were increased because of tourism development (Khan et al. 1990). Obviously, there are a lot of buildings around the Changi Airport area such as: 4 terminals, control tower, Crowne Plaza Hotel, etc. They will definitely cause the visual impact at the end (Weaver Lawton 2010). Economic Impacts: The significant effects of tourism development in Changi Airport expand on the high number of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment. There are more ten 13,000 job opportunities generated to cater passengers demand (CAG 2010). Another important benefit is generating indirect local revenue through the multiplier effect of money and jobs (Heng Low 1990). Due to the development of the aviation industry, it also cause the stimulation of backward linkages of the other industries, includes agriculture, fisheries and construction (Heng Low 1990). The full beneficial ownership of Changi Airport belongs to the government of Singapore; thus, it limits the negative impacts from high leakage due to foreign ownership (Channel Newasia 2009). Besides, the strong demand for Singapore dollars due to tourism expansion is resulting in the growth of the price of Singapores currency and exchange rate (Heng Low 1990). However, the high tourism dependence of Singapore economy in general and Changi Airport in particular can be a big problem. The uncontrollable outside forces such as: natural disasters (Tsunami), SARS and economic crisis will affect seriously to the whole economy of Singapore (Heng Low 1990). The aviation activities can cause a lot of problems; however, there still are many offsets that can organize to limit them at the lowest level. Changi Airport is a very successful representative for the aviation industry that owns a lot of initiatives to balance its negative impacts to triple bottom lines (Refer to Appendix 1). Their efforts in sustainable development have been proved through a lot of honor awards such as: the Green Mark Gold in October 2009, the inaugural Best Green Service Provider at the Annual Asian Freight and Supply Chain Awards in 2010 (CAG 2009). Recommended Planning Tool: According to Newsome, Moore and Dowling (2002), the best planning tool is one that provides an effective monitoring in the areas with effective outcome, involve visitors and community and lead to sustainability of the resource. There are many tourism planning frameworks, but, the Visitor Impact Management Framework is the most suitable one for Changi Airport (Refer to Appendix 3). Visitor Impact Management (VIM) Framework: To Changi Airport, applying the VIM planning framework to ensure visitor impacts at acceptable levels seems a good idea which allows them to enhance visitors benefit and achieve their purpose in excellent service: We are the best in our business (CAG 2010). Based on eight basic steps, the VIM framework can lead the managers not only focusing on reviewing existing data and management objectives, through selecting indicators and standards and using these to identify unacceptable impacts, but also helping them to indentify causes and appropriate management strategies (Newsome et al 2002). The purpose of steps1 and 2 is reviewing the organizations existing objectives, legislation, policies, pervious research and other data to identify problems. In these stages, Changi Airport can recognize the need for clear objectives (excellent service provider), better understanding the needs and wants from passengers and identify current problems within the process of organizing. The next steps (steps 3 and 4) are selecting key impact indicators and standards for the whole terminal 3. Noise management, air quality control and passenger satisfaction seems to the best indicators that need to be highlighted for taking care of local community and passengers (Refer to Appendix 1). The following indicators such as: waste management, energy consumption, water quality control and quality management will be also useful to providing excellent service in the aviation industry. After collecting enough data, the comparison between standards and existing conditions will necessary to examine whether it exceed the acceptable level or at that level. For instance, the desired standard for passenger satisfaction at Changi Airport was 94 % while passenger rates their satisfaction at lower or higher standard (CAG 2010). To maintain the service standard at a high level, monitoring programmers have been established with certain criteria. The purpose of this practice is making sure that they can win annual Best Worldwide Airport award (CAG 2010). Therefore, this award is used as a measuring method to ensure their standard of passenger satisfaction. If their actual satisfaction level is below the desired standard, the Changi Airport Group will take action to identify probable causes of decreasing in passenger satisfaction level (Step 6) (CAG 2010). Some possible problems might be low in service delivery, lack of initiative in operation, etc (Tian-Cole Cromption 2003). From then on, the suitable planning and strategies are provided and implemented to get over limitations and enhance in service delivery (Steps 7 and 8). The Be a Changi Millionaire Draw, which kicked off monthly from1 June 2010 to choose the most lucky passenger who shopped at Changi Airport, is a very good evidence (CAG 2010). This activity is a very creative idea to promote the airports products and its wonderful service at the same time. Through this activity, passengers will be very happy and their satisfaction level will increase at the end. Limitation of the report: The report focuses mainly on Terminal 3 to collect data for the sustainable indicators. Thus, the quality of information collected might not be representative for the whole Changi Airport included: Terminal 1 and 2. Besides, there are some data and information cannot be gathered because the organization is outsourced its departments and some private information cannot be leaked out. The paper only mentions about environmental impact, one important component in the triple bottom lines, thus, it is lack of convincing evidences to prove that the balance among triple bottom lines have been done in Changi Airport. Conclusion: The whole project provides a good understanding how Changi Airport can create its image and reputation as the best airport in the world. Especially, in term of sustainability, there are a lot of efforts have been done to take care of environment and local community. However, it cannot avoid the negative impacts which the aviation industrys member causes for the environment. These problems are able to offset by taking full advantages of using management frameworks and planning tool such as: the VIM frameworks. With this research, it is obvious that Singapore Changi Airport is meritorious to be known as the best green airport all over the world. In the future, it can strongly believe that Changi Airport will be more conscious about the environment with more green planning and strategies to maintain its reputation as well as develop as a green icon of sustainability.

Po :: essays research papers

All the Pictures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Potatoes. Instant potatoes at that. This was the meal of the evening. A plastic bowl half filled with a pasty hot goo that claimed to be somehow derived from a potato. Thoughtlessly, Jimmy gulped it down as he stared blankly at his computer screen. On the monitor showed a blank white page, even whiter than his potato mush. The screen was ludicrously devoid of all semblance of any color than white. There was no hint of the black font that was supposed to have filled fifteen such screens by now. His term paper on the many recurring symbols of questioned manliness in a novel he had read in his English class was due the next class, which was in twelve hours to be exact. He was in no hurry to finish, or to even start, this task. He was content with his blank staring and eating.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This was a typical scene in Jimmy's room; clothes strewn about the floor and on his bed, his black chair covered with unread books and parts to his broken fan, his desk in utter disarray and covered with various pieces of paper and assorted plates and glasses from weeks past. In the center of it all always sat Jimmy, idly staring at his computer screen with a face that appeared barren of any thought or emotion. Pretty much any night of the week, you could find Jimmy in this exact position, and usually with the same meal in his hands and the same clothes in the same spots. One thing you could say for Jimmy, he was definitely reliable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yet, he had not always been like this, or so it would seem. If one was so inclined to almost physically drag a story out of Jimmy, it would be raucous and amazingly entertaining, and probably filled with different kinds of liquor and different names of different women. But right after he would finish the story, he would fidget uncomfortably in his computer chair until the intruder of his room grew so uneasy himself that he would leave. He would just sit in his chair in silent boredom with everything about life, with no signs of any intentions to start to do anything about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On his desk sat many pictures, some of him, some of his friends, some of his dog. Almost without fail, everyone of those pictures had Jimmy or someone else doing something absolutely ludicrous with huge stupid grins on their faces, and enjoying themselves and enjoying life.

Differing Mentalities In Hip Hop And Rock :: essays research papers

Some of my friends listen to certain genres of rock music, some listen to hip-hop. Despite our friendship we have differing views upon each genres of music. Having listened to both genres of music at one point in my life I have an understanding of why some rock listeners would be quick to reject hip-hop as meaningful, complex and valid art form. The production of hip-hop music first consisted of two turntables and a microphone. The originators of the music who embraced the essence of spoken word in a rhythmic format, were working with the best of what they had living in a situation of poverty. As time and technology progressed, and became cheaper, the production of hip-hop became digital. Beat machines, computer programs that sequenced samples and DAT players that recorded vocals all combined in a computer to produce a finishing product known as hip-hop. Rock music consisted of a drummer, a guitar and a bassist. As time and technology progressed the instruments of this music also changed. The introduction of the electric guitar connected to amps and speakers. Guitar players were able to distort the sound giving it a louder angrier tone. Although technological progress has changed the method in which hip-hop is produced, rock music is still traditionally played with guitarists, drummer and bassists. The actual music being played in hip-hop is simplistic. Traditional hip-hip will not exceed 8 bars of music and is looped over and over again. It is usually a repetition of one-note with quarter note intervals or mere arpeggios, or just the use of a sample with simple bass and constant drum line. There is a reason for this simplicity. If hip-hop were more melodic, it would clutter the MC. Therefore the beat in hip-hop plays a secondary role, accompanying the MC. The focus of hip-hop music is not in the actual music being produced but is the content of the message that the MC is attempting to portray. Of course some have more meaningful things to say than others. The simplicity of hip-hop is where most of the rock listeners find hip-hop music unappealing, because of the â€Å"lack of skill† in the production of music compared to that of rock. Majority of rock music is more complex than hip-hop concerning the actual music being played. There is more effort in the production of t he notes being played as it grows from a theme and is harmonized, while the drums play a more active role, as the song progresses and reaches its climax.

The Cold War

Book Review Assignment TITLE OF THE BOOK: â€Å"The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction† by Robert McMahon This review focuses on one of the themes of the course, Main Currents of Modern History OBJECTIVE: The aims of this book review are: 1. To understand about a conflict that spanned four and a half decades(1945-1990) and encompassed virtually the entire globe. 2. To gather the knowledge of how the world order was changed after the world wars and the transition into the cold war. . To study the rise and fall of the superpowers and the relaxation of tension among them. 4. To study about the final phases of the cold war and its impact on the world. PLAN OF STUDY The formal plan of study is stated in the timeline given below. The main focus of the review will be to understanding and assessing one of the seminal events in modern world history. The review will provide a broad interpretive overview offering a general account of the Cold war.I will be making notes for my final draf t with a regular study of the book covering all the relevant chapters in accordance with the theme of the course. I shall submit the final review by the date mentioned in the handout. The review process will be done by first reading the chapters and then joining the notes prepared for each chapter into a meaningful text thus covering the objectives of the review. DATE| TITLE| AUTHOR| PUBLICATION| th September to 17nd September| World War II and the destruction of the old order| Robert McMahon | Oxford University press| 18th September to 25th September| The origins of the Cold War in Europe| Robert McMahon | Oxford University press| 27th September to 9thOctober| A global Cold War| Robert McMahon | Oxford University press| 10th October to 16th October| The rise and fall of superpower detente| Robert McMahon | Oxford University press| 17th October to 23rd October| The final phase| Robert McMahon| Oxford University press| The last week will be dedicated to joining all the notes prepared into a complete review of the book.

Positivist Theory †Crime Essay

Positivism is a theory of knowledge which states that science is based upon theories that have been derived solely upon empirical evidence. The positivist theory approach to crime consists of three major features which include biological, psychological and social positivism. Biological: The biological component of positivism seeks to examine data from sources such as twin studies, family studies, genetic patterns and biochemical aspects in an attempt to conjure an explanation for a particular behaviour. Biological positivists generally look for biological causes generally in genetic inheritance. Psychological: The psychological component of positivism also seeks to observe biological factors but also adds behavioural factors such as child rearing practices and brain abnormalities that cause identifiable behaviour outcomes. Those who are extroverts are easy to condition and easy to de-condition those who are introverts are difficult to condition and also difficult to de-condition. Psychological positivism emphasized counselling and improving the lot of potential criminals. Social: Sociological positivism claims that societal factors such as poverty, membership of subcultures, or low levels of education can influence people to conduct criminal behaviour. Adolphe Quetelet made use of empirical evidence such as data and statistical analysis to investigate the relationship between crime and sociological factors. It was found that age, gender, poverty, education, and alcohol consumption were important factors related to crime. This is the theoretical aspect of this unit. Criminal theory is the study of criminal behaviour and is often known as the study of criminality or of law breaking behaviour. Some criminal theories take a psychological approach, some a biological approach other emphasise the sociological aspects of criminality and of course many emphasise all – taking a multi-disciplinary approach an approach that is often clumsily referred to as a psycho/bio/social approach. All of these orientations aim fundamentally to understand criminal behaviour – its nature, its causes, and ways of dealing with it. This will include the incidence of crime, crime in adults, youth and children, gender differences, differences in types of crime e.g. crimes relating to property and violent crime. A relatively new area of study is  referred to as ‘Victimology’ the study of the effect of crime upon those who are the victims or criminal behaviour. In the notes to follow we will discuss a nu mber of criminal theories. Basically we will try to cover the basic approaches and illustrate the differences. This will not be an exhaustive description of all criminal theory and students may wish to study other approaches not covered here. We will look at Classical Criminal Theory and is updated version known as Neoclassical Theory. We will also look at what are referred to as the more scientific approaches known collectively (and probably in the strict meaning of that term erroneously) as Positivism many of which have biological or genetic components. Other approaches have a more sociological character while others examine the phenomenon of rational choice that is a modern offshoot of the classical/neoclassical tradition. Some of the readings will give you some historical introduction to criminal theory – the introductory reading by Henry and Einstadter is useful as is the reading by Beirne. The biological perspectives is overviewed in the reading by Fishbein. Other readings examine mental illness a nd crime and female criminality. Module 2 Penal Theory and Practice This is the practical side of this unit. Here we examine strategies for dealing with criminal behaviour – this covers strategies for punishment, correction, rehabilitation and preventative strategies. All of these are controversial and are the subject of much debate. All relates to issues about what we should do about crime as a society – what to do to those who commit crime, how to prevent it. Historically and amongst different societies there have been different answers. Some form of punishment or retribution is nearly always the case but the form it takes and on what crimes it is visited varies. Punishment may take the form of social and personal deprivation (locked away from the community in an institution (a gaol are correctional institution) the infliction of pain (corporal punishment) or the death sentence (capital punishment). The choice of these options depends on what a society views as the seriousness of the crime, the level of responsibility of the person committing the crime and sometimes the gender and age of the offender – and at times the damage to the community and the victim/s. In the second module we wil also discuss the implications of imprisonment (incarceration) for certain disadvantaged groups. This will  obviously include indigenous groups (now known as Aboriginals and Torres Straight Islanders) who are very much over-represented in the criminal justice system and in jails. The special issues relating to women and children in jails will also be discussed. Also we need to look at issues of those who are incarcerated who have a mental illness, an intellectual disability and those with drug and alcohol overuse problems. The Jail environment is a microcosm of the everyday problems in the community and all the probems we see in the community are there in the jails many times exagerrated . Finally the way a society deals with crime also depends on what it considers to be the nature of the criminal personality or the nature of criminality as such. Criminals are variously seen as mentally ill (mad), evil (bad) or more recently nowadays in the popular media inexplicably intelligent and fundamentally evil (terrorism and serial killing).

Assessment of the Idea of Liberty As Illustrated By Hannah Arendt In, What Is Freedom

Assessment of the Idea of Liberty As Illustrated By Hannah Arendt In, What Is Freedom The concept of freedom is an abstract one that is only realized when a person sets it into motion. In What is Freedom, Hannah Arendt challenges the widespread belief that liberty extends from the freedom of thought and will. Arendt emphasizes that actions performed unhinged from consequences are true bouts of freedom. What is Freedom dispels the accustomed definition found in government, textbooks, and marketplace and replaces it with freedom as a gateway of creativity and boundlessness. The common sense notion of freedom has been etched into the framework of our society. The â€Å"Land of the Free† otherwise known as the United States of America, etches the entitlement to our life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness as the focal point of its’ Constitution. Similarly, the Merriam-Webster dictionary defines freedom as â€Å"the state of being free† and â€Å"a political right† (Merriam-Webster.com). In economics, the term laissez-faire, the abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market† is the quintessential cornerstone of one of our most defining national traits, capitalism (OxfordDictionaries.com). All three of these definitions stress, in one form or another, that freedom is possessive. We possess rights that protect us from an oppressive government, slavery, or even the business-incentive crushing Communism. The most general of these meanings â€Å"the state of being free† only serves to a dd intangibility and uncertainty to an already scantly defined concept. This common sense notion of freedom umbrellas the different ways a person can make decisions. These can be the rationality of a person to select a choice, to want/need to have ownership of property, or incentive work towards a cause of interest. Despite this general understanding, Arendt argues against these concepts. While â€Å"we hold human freedom to be a self-evident truth† Arendt defines the common sense notion just as the inward space into which men may escape from external coercion and feel free† (Arendt 647, 649). Freedom in its pure form is an abstract concept. Since we cannot empirically measure freedom by the number of people emancipated from slavery, nor can we quantify its’ workings through calculating marginal utility, the crux comes from establishing an encompassing operational definition. Arendt developed a solution stating that for an â€Å"Action to be free, it must be free from motive on one side, from its intended goal as a predictable effect on the other† (Arendt 653). Thus for the infinite number of possibilities that can result from making a choice or an action, as long as the person makes a choice unbeknownst of any external influence, they are free. For example choosing between multiple choice options on an AP exam does not entail freedom if the test taker reads the question and selects the answer that best fits, even if there exist a potential margin of error. Contrariwise, if the student spontaneously selects a choice based on intrinsic preferences for an answe r letter, ignoring the terms of the question and the answers, he has attained freedom. In this way the answer â€Å"as it is free is neither under the guidance of the intellect nor under the dictate of the will† (Arendt 654). If will and intellect are engaged, however, the person is guided towards a solution logically and thus freedom is not present. The student is using goal setting, or aim. Since â€Å"Aim is not a matter of freedom, but of right or wrong judgment† if the student answers option C because the question leads them to the logical conclusion that the text in C is correct they practiced aim not freedom (Arendt 653). Arendt’s conception of freedom is based on the concept of principles. These principles â€Å"such as honor or glory, or love of equality . . . inspire. . . [and become] fully manifest only in the performing act itself† (Arendt 654). This inspiration is the reason for freedom’s volatility. When a person exerts an action in a free state the person is guided by this burst of inspiration from the principle to select one out of an unlimited number of outcomes. Inspiration differs from that of an aim because is not fully realized until the action is completed. Additionally principles lose â€Å"nothing in strength or validity through execution† unlike goals which vanish once they are completed (Arendt 654). Since principles are everlasting sources of inspiration, they outline the creative freedom that exists within man. Arendt arrived at the conclusion that the ability to act freely, guided only by principles, is the reason that art exists. Humans exercise unrestricted talents with unlimited outcomes guided by undefined inspiration when creating art. This is why â€Å"the element of freedom, certainly present in the creative arts, remains hidden† (Arendt 655). Although the end result of art is often guided by a motive such as recognition or money, the artist that created it was guided freely without any bounds. The effect of inspiration on a person becomes the axiom that â€Å"freedom is a worldly reality, tangible in words that can be heard, in deeds which can be seen, and in events which are . . . incorporated into the great storybook of human history† (Arendt 656). Arendt imposes a new meaning on the liberty of humans. Unlike the common sense notion where freedom exists in the forms of; ownership of property, the right to unalienable rights, and options to choose, a person practicing Arendt’s notion of freedom is not restricted by the choices in front of them. By letting go of your ephemeral motives, by replacing it with inexhaustible principles you unlock a freedom that has no bounds. Instead of having a choice from options, you can pick an undefined number of other options that are not listed. Conclusively Arendt believes that, freedom is not the right to choose your own adventure. Freedom is the ability to create it.